Successfully holding hands!, Yellow River and Yangtze River Moon | Project | Yangtze River
The picture shows the Huangjinxia Water Conservancy Hub, the main water source project of the Han to Wei River Diversion Project. Photo by Lei Sheng, a reporter from People's Daily
Clear waves are vast, turbulent and noisy. On July 16th, at the Huangchigou Water Distribution Hub in Shaanxi Province, after a nearly 12 hour long journey, the water from the Guhan River crossed the nearly 100 kilometer Qinling Water Transmission Tunnel and rushed into the embrace of the Guanzhong Plain. It entered the Xi'an water supply pipeline through the Heihe Water Supply Connection Tunnel, realizing the official water supply from the Han River to the Wei River project to Xi'an.
The Yangtze River and Yellow River, the largest tributaries of the two mother rivers - the Han River and the Wei River, met hand in hand for the first time crossing the Qinling Mountains.
The Water Diversion Project from Han to Wei is one of the 172 major water conservancy projects for water-saving and water supply in China. It is also a major infrastructure project to solve the bottleneck constraints of water resources in Shaanxi Province and achieve balanced allocation of water resources. After more than ten years of construction, with 15000 people participating, the Han River has penetrated nearly a hundred kilometers of the Qinling Mountains... From then on, the clear flow of the Han River has moistened the land of the Qinchuan River, providing 1.5 billion cubic meters of production and domestic water for 14.11 million people every year.
Layout of Diversion Project from Han to Wei River. Photo South-to-North Water Diversion to quench thirst in Guanzhong
Why do we need to carry out the "South to North Water Diversion" within the province? The total water resources in Shaanxi have been insufficient for a long time, and the per capita water resources in the province are only half of the national average level; The regional distribution is severely uneven, with one Qinling Mountains separating two major water systems. The Yangtze River system south of the Qinling Mountains has a drainage area of 37% of the province, while water resources account for 71% of the total province; The Yellow River system north of the Qinling Mountains accounts for 63% of the province's watershed area and only 29% of its water resources. Water shortage has become a key bottleneck in the economic and social development of Guanzhong and northern Shaanxi regions.
The provincial capital Xi'an, located in the Guanzhong region, has long been plagued by thirst. "Old Xi'an" Guo Huimin recalled: "In the 1990s, Xi'an often experienced a 'water shortage'. When there was no water supply, fire trucks were parked on the streets, and households were queuing up with buckets to fetch water. In severe cases, factories and schools even stopped working. Due to excessive groundwater extraction, the iconic clock tower in Xi'an sank and the Big Wild Goose Pagoda tilted.".
Breaking through the bottleneck constraints of water resources, the "South to North Water Diversion" within Shaanxi Province is the fundamental solution. After extensive exploration, research, and comparison of plans, in 2003, the Shaanxi Provincial Department of Water Resources completed the overall plan for the South to North Water Diversion Project in Shaanxi Province, and determined the Han to Wei River as the backbone route; In 2007, the engineering survey and design work was launched; In 2015, the construction of the Han to Wei River Diversion Project officially began.
The Water Diversion Project from Han to Wei River coordinates the three major regions of Shaanxi. Effectively supplying water to the Guanzhong urban agglomeration, meeting the water needs of four key cities including Xi'an, Xianyang, Weinan, and Yangling, five new cities in the Xixian New Area, 11 counties on both sides of the Wei River, and the Weibei Industrial Park. The total area of the water receiving area reaches 14000 square kilometers, which can support urban water consumption with a regional GDP of 1.1 trillion yuan and an additional population of 5 million yuan in the water receiving area; It can effectively change the situation of overexploitation of groundwater and encroachment on ecological water in the Guanzhong area.
At the same time, the annual water inflow of the Wei River into the Yellow River can increase by 600 million to 700 million cubic meters. Through water rights replacement, we aim to strive for water intake quotas for the main stream of the Yellow River in northern Shaanxi and ensure water supply for the energy and chemical industry base in northern Shaanxi. For the southern Shaanxi region, the development of green industries will also be driven by regulating and storing the Han River water for power generation and water supply during the flood season.
"The project of diverting water from Han to Wei is an important supplement to the national south-to-north water transfer project, and has great strategic significance in building a national water network pattern of mutual aid between east and west, north-south allocation, and promoting high-quality regional development." Zhang Jianmin, academician of the CAE Member, said.
The more difficult it is to chisel through the Qinling Mountains
The Han River to Wei River diversion project is divided into water diversion project and water transmission and distribution project. Currently, the first phase of the project has been basically completed, and the second phase of the project has been partially completed. The water diversion project consists of three parts: the Huangjinxia Water Conservancy Hub, the Sanhekou Water Conservancy Hub, and the Qinling Water Diversion Tunnel. Among them, the Qinling Water Diversion Tunnel is the "main artery" of the Han to Wei River Diversion Project, which is the first time that humans have drilled through the Qinling Mountains from the bottom.
These days, Zu Xiaobin, a worker from China Railway Tunnel Bureau, is doing the final sorting work at the construction site. "Life is much easier now, and we can see the sun every day. It's really nice."
Zu Xiaobin is from Sichuan and is very thin. He has been dealing with tunnels, loading and unloading, maintenance, blasting... everything is fine. "The most dangerous thing is rock burst, and the flying stones can be ejected more than 20 meters away. We all wear bulletproof vests and steel helmets to carry out our work," said Zu Xiaobin.
The temperature inside the tunnel is as high as 40 degrees Celsius all year round, with a relative humidity of 90%. Entering the tunnel is like a sauna. Over time, the workers were covered in eczema. Zu Xiaobin recalled, "I have to drink seven or eight liters of water a day. In a safe construction area, we only wear a pair of shorts to work. When we get tired, we put our heads in the ventilation pipe to cool down and sometimes even lie in the water to cool down and rest."
"Once done, it's worth it!" the man said plainly. In a few days, Zu Xiaobin and his colleagues will go to Xizang to build the next tunnel project. "We have accumulated a wealth of valuable experience in the Qinling Water Diversion Tunnel and will challenge the next difficult problem," said Wu Chuanlin, Secretary of the Party Group of the China Railway Tunnel Bureau's Water Diversion Project from Han to Wei.
The Qinling Water Diversion Tunnel passes through three regional major fault zones, four secondary faults, and 33 general faults, involving more than 20 types of rock types. Long distance hard rock excavation, high-frequency and high-strength rock bursts, and various types of sudden water inrush are all very difficult to encounter in tunnel construction. However, the Qinling water conveyance tunnel is a combination of multiple difficulties, making it even more difficult.
Outside the 5th branch of the Qinling Water Diversion Tunnel, nearly a handful of thick circular cutterheads are stacked into a mountain, either cracked or broken, with numerous scars of war.
"The hard rock tunnel boring machine is a three story 'underground long dragon', and these cutterheads are the 'dragon teeth'. The ultra hard rock underground in the Qinling Mountains is gnawed down inch by inch through them." Song Wei, the project manager of the TBM project in the north of the Qinling Mountains from China Railway 18th Bureau to Wuhan, introduced that the compressive strength of Qinling rocks can reach up to 306 megapascals. The TBM cutter head is like digging on a high wear-resistant steel plate, and on average, 0.7 cutterheads are scrapped every one meter forward. Sometimes, only 2 meters can be excavated in a day.
Smart engineering, advanced planning. In the command hall of the main control center of the Han to Wei River Diversion Project, the large screen displays comprehensive information of key parts such as water conservancy hubs, water conveyance tunnels, and water distribution hubs in real-time 24/7. Through the computer monitoring system, various gates, valves, and pump stations can be controlled to achieve data exchange between the main control center and the sub control center.
The Qinling Tunnel has laid 500km large logarithmic communication submarine optical cable, and built a dispatching command and communication center connecting Lingnan and Lingbei. "We are supporting the construction of a high standard digital twin platform for the Han River to Wei River project, which can achieve comprehensive information integration and risk perception of water and rain conditions, engineering conditions, equipment and facilities, as well as simulation rehearsal of scheduling schemes, optimization of scheduling, and full process monitoring of water transfer. We use digital means to safeguard engineering safety, water supply safety, and water quality safety." Wang Zhiyang, Director of the Information Dispatch Center of Shaanxi Han River to Wei Company, introduced.
The unmanned driving compaction and paving intelligent dam construction technology, unmanned inspection and autonomous navigation underwater robots, and concrete production information management system based on blockchain technology... With the support of cloud computing, Internet of Things, big data, and artificial intelligence technologies, the water diversion project from Han to Wei has broken through "unmanned zones" for China's water conservancy construction industry.
In engineering construction, scientific researchers have carried out more than 130 scientific and technological research projects. Technical difficulties such as tunnel excavation in super hard rock, prediction and prevention of strong rock bursts, ultra long distance ventilation and penetration measurement, and temperature control and crack prevention of dam concrete have been overcome one by one. A total of 116 patents have been applied for, and 12 standards in various categories have been led in the preparation. The water transmission line is also a "science and technology line".
Ecological priority to send a river of clear water
In Yangxian County, Shaanxi Province, the Huangjinxia Water Conservancy Hub stretches across the Han River, and this is the "faucet" of the Han to Wei Water Diversion Project. Yang County is the hometown of Crested Ibis, and protecting the fish in the Han River means protecting the habitat ecology of Crested Ibis. On the east side of the Huangjinxia Water Conservancy Hub, a nearly 2-kilometer ecological fish path passes through the dam along the slope, and fish in the main stream of the Han River can migrate and lay eggs through this fish path.
"There are 'grid plates' and 41' rest rooms' built inside the fishway. The 'grid plates' can slow down the flow of water, allowing fish to migrate more effortlessly. The' rest rooms' can provide rest for various fish species, allowing them to smoothly 'return home' and reproduce the next generation. The impact of the project on fish activities is minimized." Gu Zhendong, the relevant person in charge of the Golden Gorge Branch of Hanji Wei Company, introduced.
One kilometer north from the Huangjinxia Water Conservancy Hub is the "confinement center" of fish - the fish breeding and releasing station of the Han Ji Wei River Diversion Project. Fish are not only born here, but also need to be domesticated and learn wild survival skills before they can be released into the Han River.
"We mainly release 12 types of fish, including grass carp, silver carp, and tilapia culter, and also experimentally release 4 types of fish, including the Han River flat tailed loach, with an annual release capacity of 650000 fish. We will conduct scientific monitoring of the released fish, track their growth, and provide reference plans for protecting the fish resources in the Han River through data collection and analysis." Chen Fangang, the relevant person in charge of the breeding and releasing station, said.
On July 15th, a drone was parked above the Han River in Yang County to take water samples. Its operator was Zhang Yuchen, the captain of the Crested Ibis Drone Squadron. The drone is equipped with a spectral camera and a remote water quality sampling device, which can analyze on-site to determine whether the drainage in the construction area meets the standard. Based on digital twin technology, the data collected by drones can also be converted into high-precision 3D models for digital mapping and intelligent simulation of engineering construction management and operation.
"We always implement the new development concept, integrate ecological and environmental protection work into engineering construction, and use technological innovation to firmly guard the bottom line of environmental protection construction and water quality safety. We strive to turn the Han Ji Wei River Diversion Project into a green and ecological project, ensuring that clear water from one river is delivered to Guanzhong." said Dong Peng, Secretary of the Party Committee of the Han Ji Wei River Diversion Company.
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