Is the test question "brain burning"? The authoritative interpretation of the proposition expert from the Ministry of Education has arrived. After the comprehensive science exam, innovation has been achieved. | Student | Proposition

The 2023 National College Entrance Examination Science Comprehensive Test consists of three sets: National A Paper, National B Paper, and New Curriculum Standard Paper. The reporter learned from the proposition experts of the Ministry of Education that the test questions comprehensively implement the spirit of the 20th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, implement the fundamental task of cultivating morality and talents, adhere to the education of the Party and the country, strengthen the value guidance for students, connect with high school curriculum standards, strengthen the connection between teaching and examination, pay attention to deepening the foundation, enriching problem situations, enhancing exploration, highlighting thinking and examination, stimulate students' interest in science and exploring the unknown, guide students to solidify their knowledge foundation, develop core disciplinary literacy, and serve the selection of top-notch innovative talents, the reform of new era education evaluation, and the construction of an education strong country.

Physics: Cultivate core competencies and strengthen the examination of experimental abilities

1. adhere to the moral education, guide students to develop in an all-round way

The 2023 National College Entrance Examination Physics National Paper actively responds to the attention of the times to the cultivation of scientific and technological innovation talents, combined with my country's latest scientific and technological frontier progress and its outstanding performance in the global scientific and technological innovation field, to guide students to establish lofty scientific ambitions and a strong country in science and technology Sense of social responsibility, give full play to the educational function of the college entrance examination. For example, Question 16 of National Volume B, based on the background of the brightest gamma-ray burst observed by many astronomical facilities around the world in October 2022, introduces my country's "Huiyan" satellites and "Polar Eye" space telescopes in this event. The important contributions made in the observation highlight my country's scientific and technological achievements, broaden students' horizons, guide students to understand the frontiers of science and technology, and stimulate students' interest in advocating science and exploring the unknown. Question 17 of the new curriculum standard volume is based on the "Space Express" Tianzhou 6, which was successfully launched in May this year. This "Express Brother" of the Chinese space station is currently the cargo spacecraft with the largest active transportation capacity in the world, guiding students to strengthen The confidence of technological self-reliance and self-reliance, and the establishment of the lofty ideal of a technological power.

This year's college entrance examination physics design is related to sports, guiding students to enhance their awareness of sports and health, and promoting their comprehensive development in morality, intelligence, physical fitness, aesthetics, and labor. For example, the 14th question in the National A Volume is set against the backdrop of students pushing shot put, while the 14th question in the National B Volume is set against the backdrop of students playing volleyball. It combines physics with physical exercise, guiding students to love sports and actively participate in physical exercise.

2. Connect with the reality of life and guide the cultivation of students' core literacy

The new curriculum standard of Senior high school physics condenses the core literacy of the discipline into physical concept, scientific thinking, scientific inquiry, scientific attitude and responsibility, which is the comprehensive performance of students in the process of solving real and complex problems. it puts more emphasis on students' ability to comprehensively use physical knowledge to solve practical problems. The 2023 National College Entrance Examination Physics National Paper highlights the design of real problem situations, selects fresh materials, is close to students' reality, guides students to find and ask problems from life, and gradually moves from "problem solving" to "problem solving". At the same time, it also guides classroom teaching to strengthen the connection with actual situations, and pays attention to cultivating students' core literacy in physics.

The 14th question of the new curriculum standard volume sets up two "sound wave detectors" in the air and underwater, vividly depicting real-life scenes on paper; Question 15: In the scenario of raindrops falling vertically at a constant rate near the ground due to air resistance when there is no wind, test students' understanding of the basic physical concept of doing work; The understanding of the order of magnitude is an important foundation for establishing physical concepts. Question 16 uses the two ultra fine energy levels of the cesium atomic clock, which defines the international basic unit "second", to test students' estimation ability; The 24th question is set against the backdrop of a fun and engaging game called "hitting the water". It guides students to use simple physics models to explain interesting life phenomena, experience the sense of learning and gain through scientific guidance of life practice, and highlight the scientific charm of physics from natural life to natural life; The 25th question is based on the famous Millikan oil droplet experiment in the history of physics. It transforms real experimental phenomena into problem scenarios, allowing students to have a preliminary understanding of human research methods for cleverly exploring particle charged properties through the comparison, analysis, and judgment of different objects and processes. The 18th question of the National Grade A exam examines students' physical concepts of motion and interaction, using the scenario of electron beams gathering through an appropriate non-uniform electric field in some electronic display devices. Starting from the classic demonstration experiment of electromagnetic damping phenomenon, the 21st question in National Volume A and the 17th question in National Volume B test students' in-depth understanding and mastery of the principle of electromagnetic induction from multiple questioning perspectives.

3. strengthen the examination of experimental ability and guide students to do experiments

Experiment is the foundation of physics, an important part of physics teaching, and an important way to cultivate students 'core literacy in physics. In 2023, the National College Entrance Examination Physics Paper innovated the perspective of questioning, focusing on examining students' understanding of basic experimental principles, the use of basic experimental instruments, the mastery of basic measurement methods and the processing of experimental data. The examination questions give full play to the positive guiding role of Senior high school experimental teaching, guide teaching to pay attention to experimental inquiry, and guide students to do experiments.

Question 22 of the new curriculum standard: Observing the charging and discharging phenomena of capacitors. Students are required to be able to use a multimeter correctly, analyze the influence of resistance size on the curve of capacitor charging current over time, and understand the physical meaning of the area under the curve; The 23rd question tests the experiment of measuring the magnitude of gravitational acceleration using a single pendulum. Students are required to be able to use a spiral micrometer correctly, master the assembly, usage conditions, and data processing of a single pendulum.

The 22nd question of the National Volume A is to survey the volt ampere characteristic curve of a small light bulb, to test students' deep understanding of the two basic measurement circuit principles of an ammeter: internal and external. Students are required to draw a schematic diagram of the current voltage relationship curve for conducting experiments according to another circuit diagram, which is somewhat exploratory; Question 23 explores the relationship between average velocity and time when an object moves in a straight line, similar to Galileo's initial experiment exploring the relationship between displacement and time when studying oblique motion. Students are required to analyze specific problems, learn to summarize patterns from experiments, and cultivate the ability to explore experiments.

The parallel quadrilateral rule experiment for verifying power in question 22 of National Volume B requires students to understand the experimental principle, be familiar with the experimental steps, and be able to use professional terminology to express themselves; The 23rd question is about the experiment of measuring the electrical resistivity of metal wires. Unlike the commonly used method in textbooks where a voltmeter and ammeter are used simultaneously to measure the voltage and current of metal wires, the method of "one meter for two purposes" is used to complete the measurement of voltage and current, guiding students to flexibly apply the knowledge they have learned to solve problems encountered in the experiment.

Chemistry: Strengthening the Connection between Examination and Education, Highlighting the Examination of Key Abilities

1. carry forward the core values of the discipline and implement the fundamental task of establishing morality and cultivating people.

The examination questions pursue the roots of Chinese excellent traditional culture, select cultural relics and traditional Chinese medicine as materials, display Chinese excellent traditional culture, cultivate patriotism, and stimulate the sense of responsibility and mission for the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation. Question 7 of the new curriculum standard volume selects representative Chinese cultural relics, examines the basic concepts of components in cultural relics and their restoration materials, and guides students to enhance cultural confidence and consciously inherit scientific culture. Question 8 of the National Volume A is based on the effective ingredients of the Chinese medicine Huoxiang Thistle, which shows the magical charm and function of Chinese medicine.

The test selects the innovative scientific research achievements of Chinese scientists, and based on the examination of chemical knowledge, stimulates the candidate's patriotism, national ambition, and service to the country. The 9th question of the new curriculum standard takes China's cutting-edge research achievements in the field of porous coordination polymer crystals as the carrier, the 10th question uses the Zn-V2O5 battery developed by Chinese chemists as the material, and the 12th question takes the novel and cutting-edge biological enzyme catalytic reaction as the background, showcasing the innovative achievements of Chinese chemists in the field of material structure, catalytic mechanism, and new battery development and utilization, promoting patriotism.

The test questions are based on the characteristics of the discipline, combined with the hot topics of the discipline and society, focusing on the achievements in the fields of environment, materials, etc., to examine the chemical principles applied in it, fully reflecting the important role of chemistry in promoting scientific and technological development and human social progress, and highlighting the social value of chemistry. The greenhouse effect caused by CO2 has seriously affected human production and life, and the efficient conversion of CO2 into multi carbon products has become a very active field of chemical research. The 12th question in the National Volume A is relevant to current hot topics, based on the development of new batteries by scientific workers in recent years. It uses renewable energy sources such as solar energy, wind energy, and hydropower to reduce CO2 and improve the generation rate of multi carbon products. It examines the application of basic electrochemical principles in scientific and technological innovation. The 35th question of the National Grade A exam is based on an efficient catalyst for catalytic reduction of CO2, examining knowledge such as the arrangement of electrons outside the atomic nucleus, types of chemical bonds, crystal types and properties, and crystal cell structure. These test questions not only reflect the disciplinary value of chemistry, but also guide candidates to observe and think about new things, new technologies, and new methods from the perspective of basic chemistry knowledge, and implement the innovative examination requirements in the college entrance examination evaluation system.

2. Continuously Strengthen the Connection between Examination and Teaching and Steadily Pushing Forward the Reform of College Entrance Examination Content

The examination questions follow the Senior high school curriculum standards, guide the middle school teaching to follow the law of education, return to the curriculum standard, return to the classroom, and teach in strict accordance with the Senior high school chemistry curriculum standards. Question 11 of the new curriculum standard volume takes the experiments of "transformation of sulfur-containing substances in different valence states", "simple electroplating experiment" and "test of common functional groups in organic compounds" that students are required to do in the new curriculum standard as the carrier, examines the properties of elemental compounds, the working principle of galvanic cells, the test of organic functional groups and other contents, and examines the examinee's comprehensive ability to analyze the relationship between evidence and conclusion through experimental design and phenomenon observation, it embodies the core literacy of evidence reasoning and model cognition in the new curriculum standard.

Innovative presentation methods for chemistry test questions require students to be able to read and understand information such as text, symbols, graphics, tables, etc., deeply mine data, objectively and comprehensively extract effective information, accurately summarize and describe the characteristics and interrelationships of the phenomena involved, see the essence through the phenomena, and discover the laws or principles contained in the information. The 13th question of the new curriculum standard volume presents a process diagram of multiple dependent variables under an independent variable, based on the reaction of adding ammonia water dropwise to a saturated AgCl solution. The ability of students to extract and process experimental data from the diagram is tested.

There are three types of national chemistry papers, and the test questions are all based on the corresponding version of the curriculum standards, ensuring that the examination content of each type of paper is within the scope of the curriculum requirements. We do not pursue novelty or create "complicated and eccentric" test questions, and guide middle schools to teach according to the standards by conducting tests according to the standards. The 36th question of the National A Volume and the 30th question of the New Curriculum Standard Volume are based on the background of drug synthesis routes, to test students' mastery of the basic knowledge of organic chemistry in the textbook. Both synthesis routes contain organic compounds with amino groups, and the test strictly follows the standard proposition. Question 30 of the new curriculum standard focuses on the "structural characteristics of amines" required by the new curriculum standard, examining amino functional groups. However, question 36 of the first volume does not address knowledge related to amines as required by the old curriculum standard.

3. highlight the key ability test, promote the overall healthy development of students

The examination questions not only highlight the examination of the basic concepts, basic principles and basic skills of chemistry, but also strengthen the comprehensive application of in-depth understanding of basic knowledge, and guide middle school teaching to pay attention to the cultivation of students' comprehensive ability. Question 29 of the national new curriculum standard volume is based on ammonia synthesis, which is the key content of the Senior high school chemistry course. the examination questions are closely related to the actual industrial production and require students to comprehensively use the knowledge of chemical reaction and energy change, chemical reaction rate and limit, material structure and nature, etc. the examination questions have distinct comprehensive characteristics and promote the construction of students' knowledge system. Question 36 of the national volume B uses the synthesis route of a complex drug opemifene as the material, combining the organic chemical reactions and new reactions learned in Senior high school stages. the new reactions are given through known conditions, integrating the foundation and innovation into the examination questions, and setting questions from shallow to deep. it not only examines the students' mastery of the basic knowledge of organic chemistry in the teaching materials, but also examines the students' comprehensive application ability of organic chemistry knowledge.

The test questions adhere to a literacy oriented approach, effectively highlighting the mastery of essential knowledge and key abilities by students through the examination of chemistry subject literacy, and reflecting the core competency level of candidates in the subject. The 27th question of the new curriculum standard presents the multi-step transformation process of separating and extracting chromium and vanadium from chromium vanadium slag in the form of a flowchart, integrating chemical reactions with middle school chemistry knowledge. It tests the understanding and mastery of comprehensive knowledge such as the basic properties of elements and their compounds, writing of chemical reaction equations, and transformation of substances, with a focus on testing students' abilities in independent thinking, problem analysis, logical reasoning, information acquisition, and processing.

In the design of test questions, based on thorough research and scientific analysis of the learning situation and teaching situation, the influence of factors such as the openness of the question setting, the hierarchy of thinking, the novelty of the situation, and the complexity of calculation on the difficulty is comprehensively considered. Under the premise of ensuring overall differentiation, the difficulty of the test questions is reasonably regulated from the following three aspects. Firstly, reasonably regulate the number of basic questions. All three sets of test papers ensure an appropriate proportion of basic questions, helping students stabilize their mentality, improve their skills, and enhance their sense of answering questions. Secondly, optimize the computational load and complexity. When designing test questions, pay attention to testing students' chemical thinking and avoid complex data calculations as much as possible. The calculation of yield in question 28 of the new curriculum standard, the calculation of the number of Fe atoms in the crystal cell in question 29, and the calculation of reaction enthalpy in question 28 of the national second volume all reduce the computational workload and avoid complex numerical calculations. Thirdly, carefully adjust the questioning method. The 36th question of the National A Exam provides limiting conditions to simplify the problem in the presence of many isomers, and adopts the method of selecting the correct answer to reduce the difficulty of the test. The selection of reagents for question 26 of National Volume B is limited by providing options to limit the range of answers and reduce difficulty.

Biology: Play a disciplinary role and serve the cultivation of top-notch innovative talents

1. Implement the Lide to Foster People and Promote the All-round Development of Students' morality, intelligence, physical education, beauty and labor

College Entrance Examination Biology strengthens the education of Chinese excellent traditional culture and guides young students to strengthen their confidence in socialist culture with Chinese characteristics. The second question of the new curriculum standard volume takes the production and life experience accumulated and widely used by the working people in our country in the long historical process as the theme. Students are required to analyze the biological principles contained in these measures, so that students can truly feel the Chinese excellence in the process of learning and thinking. The science and wisdom contained in traditional culture strengthen cultural infiltration and guide students to enhance cultural self-confidence.

The college entrance examination focuses on the content of ecological examination, presenting the achievements of ecological civilization construction in the test questions, demonstrating the practical results of the concept that green mountains and clear waters are invaluable assets, and guiding students to adhere to the harmonious coexistence between humans and nature. The 31st question of the National Volume A is based on the changes in the urban environment of a tourist city after strengthening ecological protection and environmental governance. It presents a beautiful picture of clear water bodies, fish jumping and birds singing, and harmonious coexistence between humans and nature, reflecting the value and significance of biodiversity, and emphasizing the important position of ecological civilization construction in social development and people's lives.

Selected biology test materials for the college entrance examination, emphasizing the guiding role of the test questions, and putting effort into the examination and guidance of physical fitness, aesthetics, and labor. The 32nd question of the new curriculum standard presents the physiological changes during exercise and the special physiological needs of the body to adapt to exercise through neural and fluid regulation. Students are required to analyze the biological principles of accelerated heartbeat, accelerated breathing, blood sugar balance, and water salt balance maintenance, guide students to think about the reasons and mechanisms of various physiological changes during exercise, improve the scientific and accurate nature of exercise, stimulate exercise enthusiasm, and strengthen the body. The 33rd question of the new curriculum standard presents a picture of waterbirds inhabiting shallow water and mud flats in the lake area, giving associations of beauty while examining students' understanding of basic concepts such as energy transfer and ecological niche in ecosystems. In addition, the colorful feathers of water birds attract tourists to watch. Students are required to analyze the precautions when watching water birds from the perspective of bird protection, guide students to develop a proactive awareness of protecting wildlife and the environment, and enhance their sense of social responsibility. The 32nd question of the National Volume A focuses on the role of ethylene in plant fruit ripening, emphasizing the impact of fruit ripening on fruit storage and economic benefits. Through genetic breeding, varieties that block ethylene synthesis and prevent normal fruit ripening can be obtained, solving the problem of fruit intolerance and increasing economic benefits. The use of biological knowledge to solve practical problems in agricultural production practice reflects the importance of labor and production practice, as well as the significance of science and technology in promoting agricultural development and progress.

2. strengthen the examination of key competencies and serve the cultivation of top-notch innovative talents

College entrance examination biology insists on deepening the content reform, strengthening the examination of key abilities, serving the cultivation of top-notch innovative talents, promoting the connection between teaching and examination, and playing a positive guiding role.

The college entrance examination emphasizes the examination of basic concepts in biology, strengthens the examination of understanding ability through various methods such as innovative problem scenarios and information presentation forms, enriches the examination dimensions and levels, emphasizes accurate and in-depth subject understanding, and guides teaching to focus on improving quality and efficiency, reducing "mechanical brushing". The first question of National Volume B tests the structure and properties of important biological macromolecules, comprehensively examining the detection methods of monomers, connecting bonds, and biological macromolecules, deepening the understanding of biological macromolecules, and guiding students to master the learning methods of comparison and discrimination. The third question of the new curriculum standard focuses on the newly added content related to immune cells in the new curriculum standard, including pathogen recognition, antigen-presenting cells, helper T cells, memory cells, etc., to test students' understanding of adaptive immunity and immune cell function in the human body, and guide them to solidify their scientific foundation.

The college entrance examination provides a rich range of scenarios for biology, examining students' experimental exploration abilities from multiple dimensions such as designing experimental plans and analyzing experimental results, guiding students to focus on cultivating scientific thinking. Question 38 of National Volume B: Creating a problem scenario for obtaining fluorescent proteins of multiple colors through genetic engineering technology, testing the understanding of basic concepts such as gene libraries, gene mutations, and construction of target gene expression vectors. Students are required to design experiments to explore whether mutated genes can be expressed in eukaryotic cells, comprehensively test their experimental exploration ability, and guide them to improve their awareness of using biotechnology to solve practical problems.

The biology test paper of the college entrance examination emphasizes practical education, emphasizes the integration of knowledge and action, and applies what is learned to guide students to learn through practice and master real talents and practical learning. The 37th question of the National Volume B focuses on the production of fuel ethanol using crop straw, examining the basic requirements of microbial cultivation and the analysis of the ethanol fermentation process. Students are required to analyze the purpose of key operating steps and the advantages of using crop straw to produce ethanol, so that they can feel the unique charm of microbial applications in the thinking process and promote the development of active thinking and problem-solving awareness.

The biology test paper of the college entrance examination reflects innovation in various aspects such as question setting, examination content, and questioning methods. It tests students' innovative ability from multiple perspectives, guides them to focus on innovative thinking, and stimulates their interest in learning. Creating an experimental exploration scenario for the relationship between plant stomatal opening and red and blue light in question 29 of National Volume B. Students are required to analyze the reasons why red and blue light affect stomatal opening changes, as well as the impact of photosynthesis on stomatal opening, and test their innovative ability to provide new explanations for new problems in new contexts.