林毅夫人民日报撰文:知识产权保护为创新发展护航
如何从国家层面和产业层面制定与发展阶段、产业特性相适应的知识产权战略,是一个具有重要学术价值与实践价值的课题。
贯彻新发展理念是新时代我国发展壮大的必由之路。其中,创新是第一动力,对经济发展具有非常重要的意义。经济发展的一个重要表征就是生产力和收入水平不断提高。科技的创新、新质生产力的涌现将推动现有产业技术不断升级,助力劳动者生产出数量种类更多、质量更优的产品,同时推动附加价值更高的新产业不断涌现,劳动力、资本、土地等要素也得以从附加价值比较低的产业配置到附加价值更高的产业。由唐恒、王勇和赵秋运三位作者所著的《新结构经济学视角下的中国知识产权战略:理论与案例》一书,将创新、知识产权与当前我国不同产业发展的实际情况相结合,探讨如何构建合适的知识产权制度,从而激发创新潜力,推动高质量发展。
经过改革开放以来40多年的快速发展,我国人均GDP已经达到12500美元左右,接近高收入国家13845美元的门槛,并且和世界各国相比,我国拥有门类最为齐全的制造业。当前百年未有之大变局加速演进,新一轮科技革命方兴未艾,如何抓住机遇,统筹发展和安全,完整、准确、全面贯彻新发展理念?新结构经济学根据产业和世界技术前沿的差距、是否符合比较优势、该产业技术研发周期长短这3个标准,将我国现有产业分成五大类,每类产业的创新方式各有不同。
第一大类是追赶型产业,这类产业和发达国家相比还有技术差距,具有后来者优势,不少传统的装备制造业属于这一类型。第二类是领先型产业,如家电、造船、高铁、移动通信终端等产业,我国在这些领域的技术处于世界前列。第三类是转进型产业,这类产业我国过去有比较优势,随着资本积累、工资水平提高,需要升级到“微笑曲线”两端或转移到工资水平比较低的地方创造第二春,劳动力密集的加工产业属于这一类型。第四类是换道超车型产业,这类产业技术研发周期很短,通常十几个月就开发出一个新产品、新技术,其技术研发中最主要的投入是人力资本,大数据、人工智能等第四次工业革命中的许多产业即属于这一类型。在这种换道超车型产业上,我国凭借丰富的人力资本、超大规模的国内市场以及最齐全的硬件制造产业,不仅和发达国家站在同一起跑线上,还拥有独特优势。第五类是战略型产业,其产品的研发周期很长,可能是10年、20年,既需要投入大量的人力资本,也需要资金支持,这类产业尚不符合我国当前发展阶段的比较优势,但是关乎国防和经济安全,即便没有比较优势,我们也必须以新型举国体制自主发展。
这五类产业的创新方式各有不同,但无论是靠自主研发的领先型产业、换道超车型产业、战略型产业以及向“微笑曲线”两端转移的转进型产业,还是可以采用引进、消化、吸收、再重新作为新技术来源的追赶型产业,都需要与其技术创新方式相适应的知识产权保护方式,如此才能通过创新来提升新质生产力,推动技术进步、产业发展。
如何从国家层面和产业层面制定与发展阶段、产业特性相适应的知识产权战略,是一个具有重要学术价值与实践价值的课题。《知识产权战略》以新结构经济学为基本原理,重点结合上述五大类产业划分,展现中国在经济学以及知识产权制度创新方面的探索与实践。该书还综合知识产权“创新之法”与“产业之法”的基本功能,探讨我国知识产权强国建设历程,尝试在战略层面为因势利导推进我国产业由比较优势向竞争优势转化提供新思路,为推动国内产业企业乘势而起提供有益参考,也向世界提供一个了解中国的窗口,展现中国作为世界大国的担当与作为。
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